Studies // Cited work
Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being
Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being.
Level D Cross-sectional study doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.348
What this study supports
Supports the claim that habitual reappraisal is associated with more positive and less negative emotion and better well-being than habitual suppression. Correlational data cannot show that the strategy causes these outcomes.
- Who was studied
- Five correlational studies of individual differences in habitual reappraisal and suppression.
- Design
- Cross-sectional study
- Level of evidence
- Cross-sectional, observational, qualitative work and narrative reviews.
Claims that rest on it
Each claim states what the site asserts, at what strength, and with what caveat.
EmpiricalLevel AConfidence HIGH
Instructed cognitive change such as reappraisal had a small-to-medium effect on emotional outcomes, whereas attempts to suppress the experience of emotion were not effective; habitual reappraisal is associated with more positive and less negative emotion than habitual suppression.
- Scope
- Short laboratory emotion inductions (experimental) and adult self-report samples (correlational).
- Caveat
- Average effects are small to medium and vary with the emotion, the tactic and the person; the habitual-use findings are correlational.
Last reviewed · Review due · reappraisal-changes-emotional-experience